1. Right Answer: B
Explanation: Event nodes represents the possible uncertain outcomes of a risky decision, with at least two nodes to illustrate the positive and negative range of events.Probabilities are always attached to the branches of event nodes.Incorrect Answers:A: Root node is the starting node in the decision tree, and it has no branches.C: End node represents the outcomes of risk and decisions and probability is not attached to it.D: It represents the choice available to the decision maker, usually between a risky choice and its non-risky counterpart. As it represents only the choices available to the decision makers, hence probability is not attached to it.

2. Right Answer: A,B,C
Explanation: Security log monitoring, Post-implementation reviews of program changes, and Problem management provide indirect information. Security log monitoring provide indirect information about certain controls in the security environment, particularly when used to analyze the source of failed access attempts.Post-implementation reviews of program changes provide indirect information about the effectiveness of internal controls over the development process.Problem management provide indirect information about the effectiveness of several different IS processes that may ultimately be determined to be the source of incidents.Incorrect Answers:D: Recovery testing is the direct evidence that the redundancy or backup controls work effectively. It doesn't provide any indirect information.

3. Right Answer: B
Explanation: Denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users. Although the means to carry out, motives for, and targets of a DoS attack may vary, it generally consists of the concerted efforts of person or persons to prevent an Internet site or service from functioning efficiently or at all, temporarily or indefinitely. Perpetrators of DoS attacks typically target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks, credit card payment gateways, and even root name-servers. The term is generally used with regards to computer networks, but is not limited to this field; for example, it is also used in reference to CPU resource management As the total revenue of the website for the day is $1 million, and due to denial of service attack it is unavailable for half day.Therefore,Revenue loss = $1,000,000/2 -= $500,000Incorrect Answers:A, C, D: These are wrong answers.

4. Right Answer: B
Explanation: Data validation ensures that extracted data are ready for analysis. One objective is to perform data quality tests to ensure data are valid complete and free of errors. This may also involve making data from different sources suitable for comparative analysis.Incorrect Answers:A: Analysis of data involves simple set of steps or complex combination of commands and other functionality. Data analysis is designed in such a way to achieve the stated objectives from the project plan. Although this may be applicable to any monitoring activity, it would be beneficial to consider transferability and scalability. This may include robust documentation, use of software development standards and naming conventions.C: Data gathering is the process of collecting data on risk to be monitored, prepare a detailed plan and define the project's scope. In the case of a monitoring project, this step should involve process owners, data owners, system custodians and other process stakeholders.D: In the data access process, management identifies which data are available and how they can be acquired in a format that can be used for analysis. There are two options for data extraction: Extracting data directly from the source systems after system owner approval Receiving data extracts from the system custodian (IT) after system owner approval

5. Right Answer: A
Explanation: A password cracker is an application program that is used to identify an unknown or forgotten password on a computer or network resources. It can also be used to help a human cracker obtain unauthorized access to resources. A password cracker can also check for weak passwords on the network and give notifications to put another password.Incorrect Answers:B: Antivirus or anti-virus software is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware. It scans the computer for viruses.C: Anti-spyware software is a type of program designed to prevent and detect unwanted spyware program installations and to remove those programs if installed.D: Wireshark is a free and open-source protocol analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communications protocol development, and education.